New Headway ESL Textbooks Megapack

Oxford New Headway ESL Textbooks Megapack  (Size: 540.05 MB)

      Headway - Advanced
      Headway - Beginner
      Headway - Elementary
      Headway - Intermediate
      Headway - Phrasal Verbs and Idioms
      Headway - Pre-Intermediate
      Headway - Pronunciation
      Headway - Talking Points
      Headway - Upper-Intermediate

 

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And Blessed Are The Ones Who Care For Their Fellow Men!

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ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS

ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS 



8 KINDS OF WRITING

ACADEMIC WRITING

ACADEMIC WRITING COURSE

ACADEMIC WRITING FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY

EMAIL ENGLISH

GREAT WRITING 2 GREAT PARAGRAPHS

PARAGRAPH WRITING

PRACTISE WRITING

READING & WRITING TARGETS 1

READING & WRITING TARGETS 2

READING & WRITINGTARGETS 3

REAL WRITING 

SUCCESSFUL WRITING INTERMEDIATE

SUCCESSFUL WRITING PROFICIENCY

SUCCESSFUL WRITING UPPER INTERMEDIATE

TEACHING WRITING SKILLS

WRITING ACADEMIC ENGLISH

WRITING FROM WITHIN

WRITING SENSE

WRITING WITH POWER

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2BAC CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Conditional Type	Form	Use
Conditional 0	If + simple present==> simple present	General truth / scientific facts
Conditional 1	If + simple present==> simple future ( will / won’t + verb)	Possible condition in the future
Conditional 2	If + simple past ==> would / could / might + verb	Impossible  / unreal / imaginary condition in the present
Conditional 3	If + past perfect ==> would have /could have / might have +past participle	Impossible  / unreal / imaginary condition in the past

Conditional Type “0”

EXAMPLES:

If people don't eat, they get hungry.

If you heat ice, it melts.

If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.

If people eat too much, they get fat.

If you touch a fire, you get burned.

People die if they don't eat.

You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen.

These are facts and they don't change with time or place because they are always true.
( in the past, the present and the future)

Conditional Type “1”

EXAMPLES:

If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.

If it rains during the weekend, we won't go to the park.

If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.

She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.

If the weather does not improve , we will not have a picnic.

In conditional type"1", we are talking about a future possibility but under a certain condition. The action may be fulfilled or not depending on the condition.

The guy in the first example may or may not go to the party. It all depends on the condition.

Imagine that he studies, so he will go to that party.

Imagine the contrary- that he doesn't study, so he won't go to the party.

Conditional Type “2”

EXAMPLES:

She would travel all over the world if she were rich.

If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).

If I had enough money, I would buy a big house.

If she were not always so late, she would be promoted. 

If we lived in Mexico, I would pick up some Spanish.

She would be happier if she had more friends.

In conditional type "2", we are talking about an imaginary, unreal situation IN THE PRESENT which is contrary to facts or to reality.

The person in the first example IS NOT RICH , SO SHE WON'T / CAN'T TRAVEL ALL OVER THE WORLD. It's impossible for her NOW, AT THE PRESENT TIME.

Conditional Type “3”

In conditional type "3", we are talking about an imaginary, unreal situation IN THE PAST which is contrary to facts or to reality.

EXAMPLES:

If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass).

If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I ate a lot, and so I felt sick).

If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane.

She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier.

She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university.

He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine.

BACCALAUREATE EXAM PRACTICE

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BEGINNING WITH THE WORDS GIVEN:

N.B =

* Since conditionals type 2 and type 3 are contrary to facts ( unreal, imaginary), the verbs in the situation ( reality)

change from positive ( affirmative) to negative and vice versa.

** We always use the “cause” clause with “if” and the “effect” clause in the main clause.

Example:

She didn't study and so she didn't pass the exam.

Or

She didn’t pass the exam because she didn’t study.

Or

She didn't study, that’s why she didn't pass the exam.

Or

She didn't study. As a result, she didn't pass the exam.

In this situation, we have two clauses, cause and effect.

The cause: she didn’t study

The effect / result / consequence: she didn’t pass the exam.

Since this situation (reality) is in the past, conditional type 3 is required (needed).

IF+PAST PERFECT>>>>>>>>>> WOULD HAVE / COULD HAVE / MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE.

The cause: she didn’t study>>>>>>>> IF SHE HAD STUDIED

The effect / result / consequence: she didn’t pass the exam>>>>>>>>>>WOULD HAVE PASSED THE EXAM.

ALL THESE SENTENCES ARE TAKEN FROM NATIONAL BACCALAUREATE EXAMS (2005-2011)

1- Kamal failed his English test because he didn’t attend the English classes regularly.

If Kamal ……………………………………………………..

2- My father didn’t get a loan from the bank. So he couldn’t buy a new car.

If …………………………………………………………………………

3- Salah didn’t buy the farm because he didn’t get financial support from the bank.

If ………………………………………………………………………

4- Dr Fathi didn’t get a visa. He couldn’t attend the conference in France.

If …………………………………………………………………

5- I didn’t phone you because it was late.

If………………………………………………………………………………

6- It didn’t rain enough last year in Morocco, so fruit exports decreased considerably.

If……………………………………………………………………………

7- Souad made many mistakes because she didn’t revise her composition.

If ………………………………………………….

8- He had an accident because the traffic was heavy.

If ……………………………………………………………………

9- Rahma didn’t find a house because she was an immigrants

If …………………………………………………………………………

10- The new secretary was laid off because she didn’t do her job well.

If………………………………………………………..

11- The children are not well educated because the family is not small.

If ………………………………………………………………………

12- I couldn’t get in touch because I didn’t have your phone number.

If ………………………………………….

13- You touched the dog so it bit you.

If ………………………………

14- They lost the match because they did not play well.

If ………………………………

15- He was deadly drunk , so he was killed in a road accident.

If ………………………………

CONDITIONALS

MORE PRACTICE

1- If I were you, I.......... to a smaller house.

A) would move            

B) had moved

C) was moving  

D) have moved

E) moved

2- ............. I would invite you to dinner.

A) If I knew how to cook

B) Since it was only six o'clock in the evening

C) Unless the shops are all closed

D) Even though everyone was free

E) Whether my wife can get back in time

3- ....... I would refuse to obey that order.

A) If I were you

B) Although he's wrong

C) When I leave the meeting

D) Whether you signed the document

E) As long as the lecture lasted

4- If only we ......... the holiday better, we .......... all the major cities of Germany.

A) have planned/visited

B) had planned/could have visited

C) planned/visit

D) plan/are visiting

E) could have planned/had visited

5- It's so hot and dry here; I wish I.......... on holiday soon.

A) had gone              

B) have gone 

C) could go

D) will go                   

E) could have gone

6-  If the advertisement were on television, ............ .

A) there may be a great demand for it

B) they would have had a place in the market

C) it might reach a larger group of people

D) they were selling more and more goods

E) it can be too expensive and complicated for them

7- "I can't possibly get these papers filed by midday unless someone helps me."

A) Unless you help me till 12 o'clock, I'm not going to file all these papers.

B) I shall have to have some help, if I am to get this filing job finished by 12 o'clock.

C) The papers have to be filed before lunch time, so you will have to help me.

D) I'll help you file those papers before lunch if I possibly can.

E) It's possible that with your help we can get these  papers filed today.

8-  The play starts in half an hour; ........... we hurry, we're going to be late.

A) when                     

B) in case                  

C) unless 

D) since                     

E) whether

9-  If the rules hadn't been ignored ........ .

A) the problem could become that serious

B) it will be easier to communicate with them

C) this error would never have occurred

D) there have been no disagreements so far

E) they may not feel a need to strengthen the  police force

10-If we don't start early in the morning........

A) you'd better pack up now

B) we may not get there before it gets dark

C) the main road has been blocked

D) we wouldn't have had time to enjoy the view

E) we were still worried about our flight to Rome

11-If I had saved enough money last year........

A) I still can't pay the bill

B) I would have gone to Europe this April

C) we might even be able to buy a car

D) I was also working as a shop assistant

E) we had been staying in a big hotel

12-  Unless the necessary precautions are taken immediately .............. .

A) we shall not be able to control the epidemic

B) there has been heavy rain resulting in widespread flooding

C) all the attempts to rescue the passengers were in vain

D) the casualties have been taken to the nearest hospital

E) the country suffered the worst economic disaster since 1927

13-............... if all nations work together.

A) The threat to the environment can only be overcome

B) They wouldn't have been in such a difficult position now

C) The committee decided to sign the agreement

D) There would be a steady improvement in the company's trading position

E) The new manager has many problems to solve

14-"We'll have to set off by 6 in the morning if we are to get there in the daylight."

A) It gets light by 6 a.m., so we don't need to travel in the dark.

B) Though we leave before 6 a.m., it will be dark by the time we arrive there.

C) Let's leave in the dark so as to be there before 6 a.m.

D) We left at 6 a.m. in order to arrive before it got dark.

E) It will be necessary to leave at 6 a.m. at the latest if we are to arrive before dark.

                                                          

15-I wish I ........... you, but I was short of money myself.

A) have helped

B) can help

C) would help

D) could have helped

E) help

16-If I had known you were coming..........

A) I may ask John to join us

B) there is a very good meal waiting for you

C) l would have arranged to stay at home this evening

D) you won't need to take a taxi to the station

E) I ought to have given you my telephone  number

17-  Take your credit card with you .......... you are expected to pay for the dinner.

A) in case                  

B) unless                   

C) so that 

D) but            

E) whether

18-  If they let us know which flight they are coming on, then of course we ........ them at the airport.

A) have met  

B) will meet   

C) would have met

D) had met    

E) met

19-........... it's important to replace the water you lose through sweating.

A) When sales of bottled water had increased

B) Even if you don't feel thirsty after exercising

C) Although more than half the weight of the human body is water

D) Not only do we get some water from the foods we eat

E) Since tap-water is the most reliable source

20-  If only you had consulted the dentist when the trouble began .......... .

A) the pain naturally stops as soon as you arrive for your appointment

B) this tooth could not have been saved

C) you can get his number from the telephone directory

D) you would not be needing all this expensive treatment now

E) I can recommend mine with great confidence

21-If I.......... you were coining round to see me this afternoon I......... a cake for us.

A) would have known/have made

B) have known/will make

C) did know/had made

D) knew/will have made

E) had known/would have made

                                               

22-If I .......... how far away the concert hall was, I......... there by bus.

A) realize/have gone

B) have realized/went

C) had realized/would have gone

D) realized/will go

E) will realize/go

23-If you .......... me know what bus you were taking, I.......... there to meet you.

A) had let/would have been

B) would let/will have been

C) let/have been

D) will let/would be

E) would have let/had been

ANSWERS

1.A     

2.A     

3.A     

4.B     

5.C     

6.C

7.B

8.C

9.C     

10.B   

11.B 

12.A   

13.A 

14.E

15.D   

16.C

17.A   

18.B   

19.B   

20.D 

21.E 

22.C 

23.A

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Sincerelyours

And Blessed Are The Ones Who Care For Their Fellow Men!

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PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES


Search Query:

16 Aug 21:12:53 www.google.com.pk passive of conditional 3



The grammatical rule underlying any passive transformation is based on the introduction of the auxiliary “be “ in all its tense forms , being present, past or future in addition to position shift between the subject and the object.

This rule is applicable to any sentence where the verb is transitive.

Let’s look at some examples.

The US government exerts pressure on file hosting servers.

In this sentence,

“The US government” is the subject,

“Exerts” is the main verb in the simple present tense,

“Pressure” is the object of the verb,

“On” is a preposition,

And “file hosting servers” is the object of the preposition “on”.

In any passive transformation we obviously ask the question “what” or “who” preceded by the verb.

In our example “exerts what?”

The answer is “pressure”.

So the word “pressure” will become the new subject of the passive transformation.

We introduce the correct form of the verb “be” in the simple present tense since the original verb “exerts” is in the simple present tense and we change our main verb into a past participle, taking into consideration whether it is regular or irregular and finally we introduce the “by” phrase and the subject of the active sentence, which is called the agent.

The sentence then becomes:

Pressure is exerted on file hosting servers by the US government.

That’s it.

Let’s go to the question asked over and over by visitors to this blog: the passive of conditional sentences.

Any conditional sentence can be transformed into the passive whatever type it is, type 1, 2 or 3 on condition the verb is transitive, which simply means that the verb has an object and obviously it answers the “what” or “who” question.

Conditional sentences are made up of two clauses, a “subordinate clause” which is the “if clause” and a “main clause”- a cause and an effect.

Let’s look at an example.

When there’s a cause-effect relationship between two sentences, a conditional sentence is always possible.

If the US government exerts too much pressure on file hosting servers, file sharing will soon die. ( “can” and “may” can be both used instead of “will”.)

Let’s ask the “what” question.

“Exert” what?

The answer is “too much pressure”.

So the passive transformation of our conditional sentence will be:

If too much pressure is exerted on file hosting servers (by the US government), file sharing will soon die.

Our example is of type 1.

We can follow the same steps in conditional type 2 , 3 or mixed conditionals.

The search quest of a visitor from Pakistan was about the passive of conditional type 3.

The passive transformation of conditional type 3 is as simple as that of conditional type 1 if we master our grammatical tools.

Let’s look at an example in conditional type 3 now.

Someone: he stole the money. They took him to jail.

There’s certainly a cause-effect relationship between these two sentences.

Since the time context in this situation is in the past, so, evidently, conditional type 3 is needed here.

And since the context, the reality of the situation is positive , we are going to imagine something which is totally the opposite, negative; hence conditional type 3 is called unreal or imaginary past.

If he hadn’t stolen the money, they wouldn’t have taken him to jail.

But the reality is: they took him to prison because he stole the money.

Let’s ask the “what” question.

He “had stolen” “what”?

The answer is “the money”.

So “the money” will become the new subject of conditional sentence in the passive.

The past participle transformation of the verb is not necessary since in conditional type 3 we need the past perfect.

And we need to introduce the verb “be” which is the key in any passive transformation.

The main verb in the active conditional sentence is in the past perfect, so “be” in the past perfect is “had been” and in our case it is “hadn’t been”.

Our sentence will become:

If the money hadn’t been stolen by him, they wouldn’t have taken him to jail.

Sometimes both clauses of the conditional sentences can be transformed into the passive and our example is no exception.

If the money hadn’t been stolen by him, he wouldn’t have been taken to jail.
That’s it.

I hope I’ve been as much clear as possible in my explanation.

And Blessed Are The Ones Who Care For Their Fellow Men!

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2BAC ENGLISH EXAM LANGUAGE PRACTICE

2BAC ENGLISH EXAM LANGUAGE PRACTICE

GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS.

1-She (study) for four years at university before she got married.

2-The number of Moroccan NGOs (double) by the year 2018.

3-He got a good mark because he (revise) well before.

4-The teacher (start) the lesson before we got in the classroom.

5-She (finish) her homework and then she went to bed.

6-Many illiterate people got enrolled because the ministry of education (launch) a literacy programme.

7-She set up a small enterprise after she (become) an educated woman.

8-By the end of this decade, more women (become) more educated.

9-Last month, he got a prize from the association because he (make) great efforts in assisting illiterate people.

10-Students must keep on (do) well at school.

11-I can't imagine Sally (play) the saxophone.

12-After my aunt (do) a lot of housework yesterday, she went to her literacy class.

13-When I met him yesterday, he told me that he (learn) his lessons for the test.

14-By the end of this decade, young people (regain) confidence in political parties.

15-Paul is fond of (watch) political TV shows.

16-Nadia (never read) such an interesting story before she moved to university in Spain.

17-She felt tired because she (work) a lot all the week.

18-Gifted people are used to (score) best in every competition.

19-He (have) a part-time job for two years before he finished his university studies.

20-By the end of the second decade, Moroccan big cities (be) linked by highway.

21-Developing rural areas (become) a necessity by 2015.

22-By 2017, many youths (start) to take part in political life.

23-Sami is looking forward to (get) the first mark in the Olympiad of Maths organised in Rabat next month.

24-I enjoy (read) novels because I feel transported in the world of imagination.

25-The young athlete was upset about (lose) the race.

26-The young inventors agreed (set up) a worldwide association.

27-Are you thinking of (participate) in the national contest for young entrepreneurs?

28-My parents are looking forward to (celebrate) my success in the baccalaureate examination.

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRECT LINKING WORD FROM THE LIST

due to / as a result / because of / however / therefore / despite / moreover / as well as / although / in spite / consequently /

1-She gets higher marks studying in difficult conditions.

2-Her parents were illiterate. _, they didn't send her to school when she was young.

3-She couldn't see or hear, , she was able to feel people's hands.

4- of his illiteracy, Jamal is a member in different human rights organisations.

5-Greenpeace is a non-profit organisation, , its work is voluntary.

6- many organisations denounce human right violations, there are still many victims.

7- of spending much time at work, working women are able to perfectly manage their households.

8- globalisation has a positive impact on Moroccan women's situation, there is fear of losing local traditions.

9- being illiterate, some women use the magazine's pictures as resources for dressmaking.

10-Better schools attract families to move to the city, , classes become crowded.

11-City life appears more interesting. , people draw away from rural communities.

12-Educated women look after their houses. They work outside their homes.

13-Moroccan rural women need education health care.

14-Many developing nations are in debt and poverty drought and lack of rain.

15-Educated women have fewer children. , they have better personal life and nutrition.

16-Cities have grown so large the increasing industrialisation.


FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE APPROPRIATE PHRASAL VERB

to apply for / turned down / handed out / look up / drop in / put off / find out / cut down on / brings about / put up / put off

1-The teacher an article to students about Moroccan and British cultural values.

2-The teacher told the students to the meanings of difficult words in the dictionary.

3-Intolerance dislike and conflicts.

4-They'll probably this year's spiritual Mawazin festival.

5-In France, you can't to a friend's house unless you get his permission.

6-If he doesn't fast food, he will get more obese.

7-He didn't stay in a hotel. Some relatives him .

8-The local cultural festival has been . I didn't until a few days ago.

9-When Jamal went a visa to England, they his application .

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AS SUGGESTED

1-"A lot of people participated in the campaign."
He said that

2-"I will participate in a conference on citizenship."
He told the journalists that

3-"How long are you going to stay there?"
He wanted to know

4-"Did you watch yesterday's show about citizenship?
He asked me

5-"Don't underestimate voluntary work."
He told me

6-"Please, bring me a copy of the report."
He begged me

7-"How can I help in sensitising people to become good citizens?"
He asked the audience

8-"Responsibility means being in charge of our choices and our lives."
The teacher explained that

9-My friend didn’t write his report last week but he didn’t have enough time.
If

10-He didn’t connect on the net because he didn’t have the password.
If

11-He couldn't go to the cyber café because he had no money.
If

12-The teacher gave him a bad mark because he didn’t do the homework.
If

13-My friend couldn't call an ambulance because his mobile phone did not work.
If

14-He ate a lot, so he had a terrible stomach-ache.
If

15-Our government opened new schools. They wanted to reduce illiteracy rates.
Our government opened new schools so that

16-Radio and television are used because they wanted to reach people everywhere.
Radio and television are used in order

17-Adults go to literacy classes. They want to learn how to read and write.
Adults go to literacy classes so that

18-They use the media. They want to sensitise people to the advantages of literacy.
They use the media so that

19-Husbands should give a helping hand to housewives.
A helping hand

20-Women direct many associations.
Many associations

21-They gave a Nobel Prize to Marie Curie.
A Nobel Prize

22-People have admired Celin Dion for some decades.
Celin Dion

23-The NGO will grant more micro credits to unskilled women.
More micro credits

24-A women association has recently honoured many women.
Many women

25-The Moroccan woman's associations support maid servants.
Maid servants

26-People shouldn't consider as inferior.
Women

27-The Prime Minister is going to present a new economic plan to the Parliament.
A new economic plan

28-Said Naciri will open a new morning talk show on 2M.
A new morning talk show

29-They have translated her books into many languages.
Her books

30-Society must offer women more opportunities.
More opportunities

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRECT MODAL

had to / must / must have / can't

1-The audience has been watching Mr. Bean's film for more than two hours. The film be interesting.

2-I want to watch Mr. Beans' film but the CD player isn't working. The children damaged it.

3-If Brahim doesn't have a password, he have access to the humorous web sites.

4-Yesterday, Brahim and Ann stay late to watch the film.

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRECT RELATIVE PRONOUN

which / who / whose / who

1-One of the problems the Arab countries suffer from is brain drain.

2-My uncle, got his university degree, emigrated to Canada to continue his studies.

3-India, highly skilled labour is IT engineers, has remarkably succeeded in reversing brain drain lo brain gain.

4-Experts came from around 50 African countries were given a special reception at the hotel.

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRECT COLLOCATION

common good / culture shock / family code / sustainable development / civil society / rural areas / renewable energies / boarding school /

1- is concerned with society's needs and well being in the short, medium and long term.

2-Non-governmental, non-profit organisations and voluntary associations make up what is referred to as .

3-One way to sustain development is to link with urban ones.

4-A person may experience when he moves to a cultural environment which is different from his own.

5-Thanks to the new Moroccan , the status of women has noticeably changed.

6- are forms of energy that are renewed as quickly as they are used (ex. solar energy, wind, etc) .

7-As our family used to live in the countryside, I had to go to a live and study.

8-A good citizen always works for the of his community.

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRECT WORD

skilled / tempting / invest / donations / campaigns / charter / bilateral / conference / equality / ignorance / inferiority / associations / emancipation / stereotypes / non-governmental / literacy / compulsory / dropouts / partnership / abstract / skills / eclectic / motivated

1-Countries should settle conflicts by peaceful means and shouldn’t resort to war.

2-Gifted youths are able to understand concepts and ideas.

3-Our government signed a with many NGOs to work together to combat illiteracy.

4-All over the world, women have always had a continuous struggle for their .

5-The fourth world about women took place in China in 1995.

6-Talented professionals immigrate to developed countries to earn wages and secure a better future.

7-The World Bank urged countries to in education to develop economy and combat poverty effectively.

8-To keep their independence from governmental influence, NGOs are financed by and benevolent contributions.

9-Amnesty International is an independent pressure group which for the release of imprisoned or maltreated people.

10-According to the United Nations , member states shouldn’t use force against other member states.

11-Many human rights associations call for between men and women in public and political life.

12-Women's illiteracy and are linked together.

13-Women feel a complex of . They are as equal as others.

14-1,000,000 of highly professionals entered the American labour market between 1990 and 2000.

15-The ministry of education launched a programme in order to encourage adults to be educated.

16-In Morocco, there are many human rights that combat violence against women.

17-Primary education in Morocco is ; parents must send their children to school.

18-Gifted youths are highly as they show great willingness to learn new things and examine unusual ideas.

19-Negative are obstacles that hinder women's advancement in different domains.

20-Gifted youths commonly learn basic quickly, and with little practice.

21-More efforts should be made to encourage to return to school.

22-Greenpeace is a organisation that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species.

23-Gifted youths are in their way of thinking. They select the things that are suitable and appropriate to them.

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2BAC ENGLISH TENSES CHART SIGNAL WORDS TIME LINKERS

ENGLISH TENSES CHART

TENSE	USE	FORM / SIGNAL WORDS
Simple Present	Facts and generalizations Water boils at 100 Cº Children love cartoons. Schedules and time tables (future) My train leaves at 5.30 For repeated actions I see my grandparents twice a week. Usual actions He works as a Waiter in a restaurant Non-continuous Verbs know, like, hate, want, love, need, belong, mean, understand, remember, prefer…	Verb + s / es / ies for ( he / she / it ) A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak? every day, always, often, normally, usually, regularly, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, on Sundays, at weekends generally, never… every day/ week/ month… once / twice / three times… a week/ day / month/ year… First... then.. afterwards
Present Continuous	Now (continuous or in progress) We're studying the English tenses now. Near future She's visiting the doctor tomorrow morning. Repetitions and irritations (with always) They are always complaining about the same thing.	BE + verb + ing A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking? now, just, at the moment, look !, right now, still at 3 p.m. right now, at present, today, these days, nowadays, currently, presently in this moment, …. this year/ month/ week…, tonight, tomorrow, next week / month…, in a minute, in a couple of days
Simple Past	For completed actions or series of completed actions in the past He closed the door, went to bed and turned off the light. Actions which start and stop in the past We watched TV last night. Habits in the past When he was a child, he drank too much milk.	Verb + ed ( regular ) Irregular verbs should be learnt.. A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak? Before(conj.).... yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/month/year, a few minutes/two hours/five years ago
Past Continuous	After 'while' in the past While I was cooking dinner, he was laying the table. Continuous actions in the past Last week, we were working in a science project. Repetition and irritation with 'always' in past The children were always screaming.	Past of 'BE' + verb + ing A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking? at ten o'clock last night while, when, as, at that time/moment
Present Perfect	Unspecified time before now We have driven along the coast. Talking about past actions with an effect in the present I have found a wallet in the street. Here it is. Accomplishments Science has progressed a lot. With the superlative and ever She's the most intelligent person I have ever met.	Have / has + past participle A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken? this week, this month, this year,  today,  since, for.., ...ever...? never ...yet?  not... yet.  already, just, recently, lately so far, until now, several/four/many times
Present Perfect Continuous	Used to emphasize the duration of the present perfect actions I've been working in the same school since 1983.	Have/has + been + verb + ing A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking? this week, this month, this year,  today,  since, for.., ...ever...? never ...yet?  not... yet.  already, just, recently, lately so far, until now, several/four/many times
Past Perfect	A completed action before an action in the past The school had already closed when I arrived. He didn't go to bed until the last TV programme had finished. By the time we arrived home, they had served the dinner. After she had taken a shower, she went to bed. Past wish If only they had stayed with us.	Had + past participle A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken? After (conj.)... up to that time in the past. "married" to a clause in "simple past" before, by the time, already until / till as soon as
Simple Future	Will: Voluntary action It's hot in here. I'll open the windows. Offers I'll carry the suitcase if you like. Promises I'll buy you a present for your birthday. Predictions It'll be windy tomorrow. Be going to: Plans They're going to build a new bridge in autumn. Intentions and decisions I'm going to eat less. Predictions with physical evidence It's very hot today. We are going to sweat.	Will + verb or Be going to + verb A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak? I think I hope,  I expect,  I believe  soon,  in the next few days,  in the future, tomorrow,  this evening tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, later, next week/month/year, in 2005, for the next 2 years/days/months A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak? in the next few days,  in the future,  this evening,  next weekend
Future Perfect	For completed actions before something in the future We'll have flown to New York by next week. In two years’ time, he will have graduated. By the time we arrive to class, the teacher will have handed out the test papers.	Will have + past participle A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken? by (a future point in time), by this time next year in a week

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