LINKING WORDS :EXPRESSING PURPOSE

LINKING WORDS :EXPRESSING PURPOSE


We can use infinitives to(do) in order (not) to (do), so as (not) do to express purpose.

We came to the countryside to find some peace and quiet.
I went to the music shop to buy the last Eminem CD.
Be careful when handling a knife so as not to /in order not to get injured.
Handle the flowers carefully so as not to / in order not to damage them.


So that, in order that + clause ( often with the verbs can, could, may, might, will would in the clause ).


He is studying very hard this term so that / in order that he will / can / may go to a good university.
I turned off the radio so that/in order that I might / would / could hear what was happening in the street. He chose this University so that /in order that he might / would /could study English.

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LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING ADDITION

LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING ADDITION


Besides, in addition and furthermore can be used at the beginning of the sentence following the first statement made.

I don´t really want to go out tonight. Besides / in addition / furthermore, there is a good film on TV.
Mr.Salhi is an intelligent and stimulating teacher, furthermore , he takes an interest in the personal well- being of his students.

Notice besides is less formal, furthermore is more formal.

Moreover can be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence which gives additional information.

This theory about the origins of the Universe is new. Moreover, it is extremely interesting.

Not only ...but also / as well can link two sentences, phrases or words to give additional information.
The painting is not only valuable but also a work of art.
She not only writes novels but she lectures as well.
The house was not only large but it was also modern.

Notice but also are used together when there is no subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence. But...also are separated when there is a verb in the second part of the sentence.

Not only can come at the beginning of the first part of a sentence to emphasize what the speaker is saying. In this case, it is necessary to change the order of the subject and verb. In sentences like these the subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence are usually mentioned and but...also are separated.

Not only is the restaurant superb but it is also expensive.

As well as and in addition to can be folllowed by a single word, a phrase or ...-ing.

Sabrin speaks English fluently as well as / in addition to Spanish.
They robbed a bank in addition to / as well as a post office.
As well as being sent to prison they were fined 9000 dhs.

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LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING CONTRAST

LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING CONTRAST


Although, even though + clause can come before or after the main clause.

Although/Even though the car is old, it is still reliable.
Although I’m not used to playing tennis, I played it quite well yesterday.

Notice even though is more informal.

Despite, in spite of + a noun or noun phrase or -ing form.

In spite of the noise, the students could study for their test.
In spite of/Despite the rain, I went for a walk.

Despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that + clause.

In spite of the fact that it was raining, the celebration took place as usual.

However / nevertheless / nonetheless can come at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.

Many people think that scientists are abusing of animals. However, the same people do nothing to stop the problem.
Buying a house is expensive. It is, however, a good investment.

Though is more informal and comes at the end of a sentence.

I’m determined to buy a house this year, I don’t know Where exactly, though.
It’s a big decision to make, though.

But, while, whereas are usually placed in the middle of two main clauses expresing contrasting ideas.

Fayssal is very rich but/while/whereas his friends are extremely poor.

On the one hand and on the other hand can be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of two sentences expressing contrasting ideas.

On the one hand these computers are expensive. On the other hand they are exactly what we want.

Notice on the other hand is often used at the beginning of the second sentence.

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LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING RESULT

LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING RESULT

So + adjective / adverb + that + clause.

He was so tired that he went to bed early.
The secretary types so quickly that she always has her work in time.
The film was so boring that I went out before the end.
He spoke Spanish so well that everyone thought he was Spanish.

Such + noun + that + clause.

It`s such a cold day that I will stay in bed.
It was such a difficult exam that he knew he wouldn´t pass it.

So + clause

Mr. Dahmani was sleeping, so she didn’t hear the thief.
It was late so he decided to take a taxi home.

As a result, consequently, can begin a new sentence.

And, as a result, is used in the middle of a sentence.

Therefore often comes in the middle of a sentence ( it can also come at the beginning or the end ).

His wife left him and, as a result, he became very depressed.
I studied a lot, as a result I got an excellent mark.
El Guerrouj trained hard for many years and, as a result, he became one of the best athlete in Morocco.
The food was bad, therefore, we didn’t eat it.

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LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING REASON

LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING REASON

Since, as, seeing that + clause often come before the main clause.

Since /Seeing that /As we arrived late, all the best seats had been taken.

Because + clause usually comes after the main clause.

We couldn’t find a good seat because all the best ones had been taken.
Our Arabic teacher came late because her car broke down.

Because of, as a result of, owing to and due to are followed by a noun or noun phrase.

We are unable to go by train because of the rail strike.
Our national football team couldn’t travel because of the bad weather.
The students have learnt a lot due to this new project.
Many of the deaths of older people are due to heart attacks.

Notice due to means: “ A ” is caused by “ B ” or “ A “ is resulting from “ B “.

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Noun + Preposition Followed by Gerunds

Noun + Preposition Followed by Gerunds

The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used noun + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.

addiction to
His addiction to surfing the Internet is a problem.
advantage of
He has the advantage of speaking English fluently.
anxiety about
Her anxiety about speaking in public caused her to lose the job.
belief in
His belief in not harming animals was something he learned from his mother.
credit for
She took credit for improving the filing system.
dedication to
His dedication to teaching is impressive.
delay in
The delay in processing the visa caused problems.
devotion to
His devotion to biking allowed him to win the competition.
disadvantage of
The disadvantage of flying is that you can't see the scenery along the way.
experience in
She has a great deal of experience in introducing new products to international markets.
fear of
His fear of flying made travel difficult.
fondness for
Her fondness for traveling led to her career in the travel industry.
habit of
His habit of smoking a lot causes him many problems.
interest in
Her career as a pilot evolved out of her interest in flying.
knowledge of
Her knowledge of climbing helped her during the competition.
love of
His love of singing developed when he was a child.
memory of
Their memories of traveling in the South will stay with them forever.
preference for
I think his preference for speaking his native language is natural.
process of
The process of painting such a large mural is more complicated than you might think.
reaction to
His reaction to winning the prize was quite funny.
reason for
The main reason for taking the course is to improve your language skills.
regret for
The criminal's regret for committing the crime did not convince the judge.
report on
The magazine's report on choosing the right career was not well researched.
reputation for
Her reputation for lying is well known.
responsibility for
His responsibility for completing the project on time was acknowledged by the company.
story about
I don't know if I believe his story about seeing a UFO.
talent for
His talent for learning languages was impressive.

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Adjective + Preposition Followed by Gerunds

Adjective + Preposition Followed by Gerunds
The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used adjective + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.

accustomed to
He is accustomed to having black coffee for breakfast.
addicted to
She is addicted to watching TV.
afraid of
She is afraid of speaking in public.
anxious about
Nora is anxious about making the presentation.
bored of
I am bored of doing the same old job.
capable of
He is capable of winning a gold medal.
committed to
She is committed to improving her English.
concerned about
Nawal was concerned about being late.
content with
Talal is content with winning second place.
dedicated to
The organization is dedicated to ending poverty.
devoted to
The money will be devoted to protecting the environment.
disappointed with
Farah was disappointed with coming in third place.
discouraged by
He was discouraged by not getting the job.
excited about
The researcher was excited about going to North Africa.
famous for
That actor is famous for being extremely weird.
fond of
She is fond of having picnics.
frightened of
She is frightened of being alone at night.
guilty of
The banker was guilty of stealing money.
happy about
He was happy about winning the lottery.
interested in
She is interested in becoming a doctor.
involved in
He was involved in making the movie.
known for
She was known for causing problems.
opposed to
They are opposed to building a new road in the park.
proud of
He was proud of having completed the marathon.
remembered for
She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas.
responsible for
He is responsible for causing the damage.
scared of
Siham is scared of being alone at night.
terrified of
The surfer is terrified of being attacked by a shark.
tired from
She is tired from working all day.
tired of
Maryam is tired of making dinner every night.
worried about
The hikers were worried about not having enough water.

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Verbs Followed by Infinitives

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

agree
Tom agreed to help me.
appear
His health appeared to be better.
arrange
Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.
ask
She asked to leave.
begin
He began to talk.
can't bear
He can't bear to be alone.
can't stand
Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.
care
He doesn't care to participate in the activity.
cease
The government ceased to provide free healthcare.
choose
I chose to help.
claim
She claimed to be a princess.
continue
She continued to talk.
decide
We decided to go to Hawaii.
demand
He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.
deserve
He deserves to go to jail.
dread
I dread to think what might happen.
expect
They expect to arrive early.
fail
He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.
forget
I forgot to lock the door when I left.
get (be allowed to)
Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?
happen
She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.
hate
He hates to clean dishes.
hesitate
She hesitated to tell me the problem.
hope
I hope to begin college this year.
intend
We intend to visit you next spring.
learn
I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid.
like
Samantha likes to read.
love
We love to scuba dive.
manage
He managed to open the door without the key.
need
I need to study.
neglect
She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.
offer
Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.
plan
We plan to go to Europe this summer.
prefer
He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
prepare
They prepared to take the test.
pretend
The child pretended to be a monster.
promise
She promised to stop smoking.
propose
Drew proposed to pay for the trip.
refuse
The guard refused to let them enter the building.
regret
I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.
remember
Did you remember to lock the door when you left?
seem
Nancy seemed to be disappointed.
start
Marge started to talk really fast.
swear
She swore to tell the truth.
tend
He tends to be a little shy.
threaten
He threatened to leave forever.
try
Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.
vow
He vowed to get revenge.
wait
She waited to buy a movie ticket.
want
I want to study Spanish.
wish
I wish to stay.
would like [(meaning "wish" or "want")
We would like to start now.
yearn
Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.

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Verbs Followed by Infinitives

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

agree
Talal agreed to help me.


appear
His health appeared to be better.


arrange
Nawal arranged to stay with her cousin in Midelt.


ask
She asked to leave.


begin
He began to talk.


can't bear
He can't bear to be alone.


can't stand
Narjiss can't stand to work the late shift.


care
He doesn't care to participate in the activity.


cease
The government ceased to provide free healthcare.


choose
I chose to help.


claim
She claimed to be a princess.


continue
She continued to talk.


decide
We decided to go to Sidi Harazem.


demand
He demanded to speak to Mr. Hilali.


deserve
He deserves to go to jail.


dread
I dread to think what might happen.


expect
They expect to arrive early.


fail
He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.


forget
I forgot to lock the door when I left.


get (be allowed to)
Anissa gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?


happen
She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.


hate
He hates to clean dishes.


hesitate
She hesitated to tell me the problem.


hope
I hope to begin college this year.


intend
We intend to visit you next spring.


learn
I learned to speak French when I was a kid.


like
Samira likes to read.
love
We love to scuba dive.


manage
He managed to open the door without the key.


need
I need to study.


neglect
She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.


offer
Fawzi offered to drive us to the supermarket.


plan
We plan to go to Essaouira this summer.


prefer
He prefers to eat at 7 PM.


prepare
They prepared to take the test.


pretend
The child pretended to be a monster.


promise
She promised to stop smoking.


propose
Idriss proposed to pay for the trip.


refuse
The guard refused to let them enter the building.


regret
I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.


remember
Did you remember to lock the door when you left?


seem
Nadir seemed to be disappointed.


start
Maryam started to talk really fast.


swear
She swore to tell the truth.


tend
He tends to be a little shy.


threaten
He threatened to leave forever.
try
Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.
vow
He vowed to get revenge.
wait
She waited to buy a movie ticket.
want
I want to study Spanish.
wish
I wish to stay.
would like [(meaning "wish" or "want")
We would like to start now.
yearn
Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.

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Verbs Followed by Gerunds

Verbs Followed by Gerunds

admit
He admitted cheating on the test.

advise
The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.

allow
France doesn't allow smoking in cafés.

anticipate
I anticipated arriving late.

appreciate
I appreciated her helping me.

avoid
He avoided talking to her.

begin
I began learning Spanish.

can't bear
He can't bear having so much responsibility.

can't help
He can't help talking so loudly.

can't see
I can't see paying so much money for a car.

can't stand
He can't stand her smoking in the office.

cease
The government ceased providing free healthcare.

complete
He completed renovating the house.

consider
She considered moving to Casablanca.

continue
He continued talking.

defend
The lawyer defended her making such statements.

delay
He delayed paying his taxes .

deny
He denied committing the crime.

despise
She despises waking up early.

discuss
We discussed working at the company.

dislike
She dislikes working after 5 PM.

don't mind
I don't mind helping you.

dread
She dreads getting up at 5 AM.

encourage
He encourages eating healthy foods.

enjoy
We enjoy watching the sunset.

finish
He finished doing his homework.

forget
I forgot giving you my phone number.


hate
I hate cleaning the bathroom.

imagine
He imagines working there one day.

involve
The job involves travelling to Japan once a month.

keep
She kept interrupting me.

like
She likes listening to music.

love
I love swimming.

mention
He mentioned going to that college.

mind
Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes.

miss
She misses living near the beach.

need
The house needs cleaning.

neglect
Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.

permit
Singapore does not permit smoking in restaurants.

postpone
He postponed returning to Paris.

practice
She practiced singing the song.

prefer
He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.

propose
I proposed having lunch at the beach.

quit
She quit worrying about the problem.

recall
Tawfiq recalled using his credit card at the store.

recollect
She recollected living in Kenya.

recommend
Badr recommended taking the train.
regret
She regretted saying that.

remember
I remember telling her the address yesterday.

report
He reported her stealing the money.

require
The certificate requires completing two courses.

resent
Nawal resented Sara's being there.

resist
He resisted asking for help.

risk
He risked being caught.

start
He started studying harder.

stop
She stopped working at 5 o'clock.

suggest
They suggested staying at the hotel.

tolerate
I tolerated her talking.

try
Salma tried opening the lock with a paperclip.

understand
I understand his quitting.

urge
They urge recycling bottles and paper.

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THE ROLE OF WOMEN

THE ROLE OF WOMEN

Over centuries, women were treated as subordinates and permanent minors under the authority and control of men. Men often tried to justify this by saying that women are inferior to men biologically and intellectually.

Women were long considered naturally weaker than men and unable to perform work requiring muscular or intellectual development. In most pre-industrial societies, domestic chores were relegated to women, leaving labour such as hunting and farming to men. This ignored the feet that caring for children and doing such tasks as milking cows and washing clothes also required considerable effort. But physiological tests now suggest that women have a greater tolerance for pain, and statistics reveal that they live longer and are more resistant to many diseases.

Maternity, the natural biological role of women, has traditionally been regarded as their major social role as well. Yet, attitudes are nowadays changing. The resulting stereotype that a woman's place is in the home has largely determined the ways in which women have expressed themselves. Today, contraceptives have given women greater control over the number of children they will bear. Although these have freed women for roles other than motherhood, the cultural pressure for females to become wives and mothers still prevents many talented women from finishing college or pursuing careers.

Traditionally, a middle-class girl in Western culture tended to learn from her mother's example that cooking, cleaning, and caring for children was the behaviour expected of her when she grew up. Tests conducted in the 1960s indicated that the scholastic achievement of girls was high in the early grades, but when they joined high school, their efforts and scores went down. The major reason given was that the girls' own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and motherhood. Fortunately, this trend has been changing in all the comers of the world during recent decades.

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